Pub Ad 2011 mains

Golden Principle
Always follow the Tail-word or Question-word of the question because the sentence of question
without Tail-word or Question-word is not a question.e.g. Comment, Examine etc.( refer writing
skill)
a novel idea which is behaviourally the most rational. It lead towards an ideal democratic
situation which will be acceptable to all without any loss.
Golden Principle
Avoid general questions because it has subjectivity in evaluation. Specific questions are to be
preferred where domain of the issue is limited. This brings objectivity in writing.
McGregor borrows from Follett the idea of conflict resolution. He also believes that conflict can
be resolved through constructive means.
 In other words conflict can be turned into mutual support and innovation. He discusses three
possible strategies to deal with conflict.
(a) The divide and rule
(b) The suppression of differences and
(c) Working through differences.
 The first two strategies are based on assumptions of theory X in which manager perceives
his subordinate negatively.  Therefore he plays politics and takes harsh steps to resolve problems.
Mc Gregor suggest that professional manager should remain aloof from mutual  antagonism,
politics, favouratism etc. He should adopt Theory Y assumption and should steer through
differences. It includes converting disputes into mutual support, differences into innovation and
rejection of discipline into commitment to decision as well as  strengthening of relationship
within the group.
 This approach of McGregor is in consonance with Follett’s idea of constructive conflict
which requires conversion of negative energy into positive force by means of  wisdom and
insight.
3(a) Whereas  Down’s model is largely dependent on a theory of psychological motivation
and Niskanen’s model is framed by neo-classical thinking.
 In the light of above, discuss the Public Choice Approach to decision-making. 30
Ans  Public Choice Approach has been recognized as a dominant paradigm in studying public
administration from the economic perspective in the light of neo-libral and neo-classical thinking.
Its proponents Niskanen, Downs, Tullock, Arrow etc. tried to provide a new Economics based
analysis of public service given by bureaucracy . The New Institutional Economics gives thrust to
market dominated public delivery system through Public Choice Theory.
 Niskanen in his book ‘Bureaucracy and Representative Government’ gives a detailed
picture of the situation where bureaucracy exploit people in delivery of goods and services. He
argues that ‘Bureaucrats are
Answer Tips Q.3(a)
Discuss :  Conversation with positive tone.
You should not write Public Choice Theory in general. Write the special contribution of Anthony
Downs and relate how it is concerned with psychological motivation. Also Niskanen’s work
corresponds to neo-classical thinking. Classical Economic theorists like Adam Smith talked about
Laissez faire state. Niskanen’s prescription is modification of this idea. One neo classical theory
in Public Administration is Human Relation Theory. However, this question or idea is not
concerned with HRT.self maximizer, so is the case with politicians. ’Bureaucrats try to maximize government budget
so that they could get more power, perks, salary, and enhanced status. Politician work to increase
their vote bank. Niskanen’s argument is based on the assumption that every individual is a selfmaximizer and he uses the idea of ‘methodological individualism’ for taking decision. By using
logical steps in decision he tries to maximize his own benefit. Bureaucrats and politicians are not
excluded from this rational decision process.
 In fact, bureaucracy does not receive any incentive for better performance because
government service does not have incentive system. In this background the quality of goods and
services provided by bureaucracy is poor. As government has monopoly over certain services it
leads towards exploitation of people. As per this argument ‘institutional pluralism’ and ‘state
minimalism’ is desirable step. It will provide choice to people, will bring competition and will
benefit all. Niskanen’s prescription is neo classical as he advocates opening of monpolistic
service of government, for the market. His argument favours  limiting the scope of state, the
central ideal in neo-classical thinking of economically rational model.
 Anthony Downs’ model on the other hand, is  based on people’s motivational aspect. Downs
has propounded , ‘Economic Theory of Democracy’. He advocates that people’s voting behaviour
is based on their cost-benefit analysis of the voting. He argues that when a voter analysis that the
cost of voting is higher than the outcome from it, he does not prefer to vote. He finds in his
analysis that generally people do not prefer to vote because they don’t find it something ensuring
them better return. Downs’ prescription of this type is based on psychological motivation of
people. This theory of Anthony Down’s is also called ‘paradox of voting’ or ‘Down’s paradox’.
 Eventually, this assessment of psychological motivation by  Downs creates assumption of
Public Choice Theory, “ Each is better off if all pay for it, Each is still better off if only I do not
pay for it”. Based on this idea Public Choice Theorists prescribed difference between ‘public
goods’ and ‘private goods.
 They suggest that the services which are not used by everyone in the society is a private
goods. In this definition National Highway is a private goods because only vehicle dwellers use
it. Hence, they propose privatisation of these services and goods so that only users should pay it.
‘Early Warning System’ with high technological backup can help in quick evacuation of  people
to save their life from storm, flood, cyclone, tsunami etc. An integrated development plan can
also help in preventing disaster of more destructive nature. Construction of building with safety
norms, construction of railway bridges etc. based on topography and geology can reduce the risk
and vulnerability.
In short a new culture of disaster management shows us the path  of more safety and care by
becoming alarmed and updated.  
8(b) Disaster insurance is desirable but not an easy proposition to implement” Illustrate
with suitable examples.    30
Ans: Disaster Insurance is a financial tool for risk reduction. While funding can be made
available for relief and rehabilitation, but they are post-disaster funding and they can manage
crisis only when devastations have already taken place.
Disaster Insurance is an important mitigation measure in disaster prone areas. It brings quality in
the infrastructure because once ‘insured’ a structure requires to follow building codes, guidelines concerning materials of construction, and various norms relating to safety. In this way disaster
insurance insists following safety norms and develops a culture of safety. It has been seen that
disaster insurance company ensure return on premium only when the safety guidelines are
followed.
Disaster insurance works under the premise “higher the risk, higher the premium lesser the rick,
premium lesser.” This premise creates an awareness in  the people regarding the degree of
vulnerability of the area where people are setling. This element of disaster insurance motivates
people to settle in relatively safer area.  
This phenomenon can work as a risk reduction factor for disaster management.
Apart from this, availability of insurance company provides for more indepth research on the
hazard mapping  which can be used for reducing destruction. In Japan after Kobe earthquake of
1995, Earthquake Research committee has prepared Japan National Seismic Hazard Maps. These
maps have been put to use and have been found appropriate for modelling financial risk. The
methodology uses an objective measure of ground motion intensity, called spectral acceleration to
directly correlate ground motion to building performance  based on height of the building,
construction  material and ground motion propagation. They  also studied the actual building
behavior during Kobe Earthquake and Niigata Ken Chetsu earthquake  of  2004.This allows
insurance companies as well as investors to determine financial as well as non-financial norms for
insurance market. Thus Japan’s Earthquake model meets the unique need of insurance market by
allowing insurers to assess the seismic vulnerability of individual location and successfully
manage their entire portfolio at risk using the latest scientific modelling techniques  and market
research on financial loss perspective.
Answer Tips Q.8(a)(ii)
Write a not : Factual description
This question is based on the report of a high powered committee created for Disaster Management in 1999.You have
to write in brief about all four elements discussed by the committee.
If we assess the situation of developing country like India, the catastrophe research in very
backward not allowing insurance market to grow.
Implementation of disaster insurance is very difficult task in countries like India . The basic
reason lies in backwardness of the people as well as disinterest of private insurance market. In
India and other developing nation the most vulnerable section of population belongs to low
income group. The decreased per capita income of these people does not allow savings. Lack of
savings work against solid  asset creation. They are bound to live in Kachha places which can not
be covered by disaster insurance due to its own technical resources. The major determinant of
insurance density is per capita income and the poor status of people in this regard prevents
insurance companies to work in poor areas.
As per World Bank’s Policy Research paper, in developing countries less than 2% of the total
direct losses from natural disaster is covered under insurance whereas in developed countries like
France and U.S this coverage is of 40-100%. Despite the growing exposures and vulnerability to
hazards, developing countries retain most of the attendant risk due to the undeveloped state of
their domestic insurance market and a resultant inability to transfer the risk to international reinsurace markets.
Based on the observation of World Bank document it can be easily concluded that the insurance
markets has not grown considerably in developing nations. Therefore they cannot cover the risk
with poor state of affairs. In India we find the same conditions prevailing. There are only
marginal work on this area. Insurance companies are able to cover only urban population of big
town and also only middle and higher income groups. Lack of awareness and sensitivity in people
concerning disaster insurance also makes this market incapable of covering broader hazards and
vulnerabilities.  The steps have been taken by NGOs and micro-credit institution to bring disaster insurance under
financial back up. However, these Institution can’t work effectively without support from
government. ARC-II has recommended that“Government and the insurance Companies should
play a more pro-active role in motivating citizens in vulnerable areas to take insurance cover.
This could be done
Golden Principle
Don’t defend the government on wrong issues. A fair criticism can be made. Your writing should
not reflect in you a sycophant bureaucrat with inability to take bold decisions. Civil Servant’s
code of conduct require Civil Servants to furnish fair and neutral advice even if minister does not
like it; This trait can be tested through evaluating the writings of examinee the people who do not
accept loopholes in system can’t bring reform in it. It is expected from Civil Servants that they
must accept the demerits of the system and suggest reform. However, avoid being controversial.

Criminal Justice System: Draft National
Policy Paper
A committee was appointed to draft a National Policy Paper on criminal justice by Ministry of
Home Affairs. The Committee was headed by N. R. Madhav Menon.
The Committee, appointed in May 2006, was asked to draft a National Policy Paper on Criminal
Justice, keeping in mind the prevailing law and practices, socio-cultural values and the changing
nature of crime, with a view to making the justice delivery system faster, fairer, uncomplicated
and inexpensive.
There is widespread dissatisfaction with the way crimes are investigated, and criminals
prosecuted by our existing Criminal Justice System which, in public perception, affords little
protection to life and property and renders criminality as a “low risk, high profit business”.
The apparent reasons for popular dissatisfaction with the system are :
(i) Even after prolonged and costly procedures, not even one-fourth of cases end in conviction.
(ii) Money and influence play a significant role resulting in double standards – the rich often get
away lightly and the poor are put to suffering and discrimination.
(iii) Delays defeat justice and the offenders go unpunished; witnesses are threatened and have no
protection.
(iv) Victims are totally ignored in the system and get no relief for the injuries or losses suffered.
Even registration of their complaints often becomes difficult without money or influence.
(v) An unholy nexus is perceived to prevail between criminal syndicates, politicians and the law
enforcement officials, affecting criminal proceedings and the rule of law.
(vi) Corruption has taken a heavy toll of the system
De-criminalization of “marginal” offences, which can as well be tackled through civil or
administrative procedures, by a continuous process of review and revision, is an urgently needed
reform. Criminal sanctions should be reserved only as the last option in social ordering.
Apart from recognizing the right of the victims to implead themselves in criminal judicial
proceedings, a speedy and effective scheme of compensation to victims should be implemented, For this, a Victim Compensation Fund has to be instituted, to be administered through the Legal
Services Authorities.
Crimes need to be classified and organized into four distinct and comprehensive CODES, on the
basis of gravity of the injury and the appropriateness of the response needed to deal effectively
with it. Social Welfare Offences Code  for offences which are civil in nature. Arrest and detention
are